Posted by Trotter on December 20, 2012, at 23:18:23
In reply to Re: High fat diet -) inflammation -) depression » Trotter, posted by SLS on December 20, 2012, at 18:44:35
> > You are of course aware that there are lots of cases where pro-inflammatory cytokines have been provoked in animals and humans and that depressive symptoms have resulted.
>
> Actually, I am not aware of this.
>
> Provoked by what? Stress response?
>
>
> - Scott"Marshall et. all cite several studies connecting depression with increased levels of TNF alpha, IL-1, and IL-6 in cerebrospinal fluid of test subjects injected with an endotoxin, similar to levels in severely depressed patients."
http://serendip.brynmawr.edu/bb/neuro/neuro06/web1/jengelman.html
"In addition, administration of proinflammatory cytokines, e.g. in cancer or hepatitis C therapies, has been found to induce depressive symptomatology. Administration of proinflammatory cytokines in animals induces 'sickness behaviour', which is a pattern of behavioural alterations that is very similar to the behavioural symptoms of depression in humans"
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15694227
"IL1 given to animals or humans triggers a deluge of whole body responses. IL1 causes: sleep, fever, inflammation, pain, malaise, aching joints, fatigue; irritability, depressed mood, social withdrawal, lack of interest in things,"
"Cytokines given chronically (i.e. more than 10 days) result in a different set of symptoms. Fever is usually not present. Varying combinations of neuropsychiatric symptoms are usually more prominent, such as, fatigue, loss of interest in things, apathy, inability to concentrate, poor attention span, headache, irritability, anxiety and depression. In most subjects, the symptoms are mild, but in almost all the experiments, between 10 and 50% of the subjects report severe and debilitating symptoms"
http://www.cytokines-and-depression.com/chapter5.html
"The profound effects of cytokines on mood, thought and behavior were first discovered in the early 1980's. For the first time in history, physicians had found molecules made by the human body which, when given to humans, produced all the symptoms necessary for the diagnosis of depression."
"A few year later Rohatiner et al.6 published a more detailed study. They gave INFα intravenously for seven days to eleven volunteers and observed the effects. All volunteers became feverish, fatigued and lacked appetite. They were socially withdrawn, slow to answer questions, lost interest in their surroundings and slept most of the day. In one week, these volunteers developed nearly all the symptoms necessary for the diagnosis of major depressive episode"
"A year later, Adams et al.7 did a longer term (four week, ten patient) study on the effects of INFα. For the first few days fever, headache, aching muscles and other flu like symptoms occurred, but they did not persist. They were replaced by symptoms of severe depression."
"In a more recent clinical study, Niiranen et al.8 gave high dose intravenous INFα to nine cancer patients for five days, followed by a lower intra muscular dose three times a week. None of the patients had prior neurological or psychiatric disease and just prior to treatment with interferon all patients were judged to be mentally healthy. After initiating INFα therapy, neuropsychiatric abnormalities developed gradually. Very interestingly, on the second day, "a short-lasting but clear euphoric phase was seen. Patients were in a heightened mood and abnormally hopeful, resembling mania." The depressive symptoms begin appearing on the third day. All volunteers exhibited fatigue, lack of appetite, lack of interest, slowed movement and thought, clumsiness, excessive sleep and all but one was irritable (two very severely) and confused. Very severe depressed mood affected five out of nine and anxiety was reported by three volunteers. This clinical study confirmed the ability of INFα to produce all the symptoms necessary for the diagnosis of major depressive episode. Notable in this trial was the irritability and depressed mood exhibited by the majority of the patients."
"McDonald, Mann and Thomas9 published a paper in 1987 in the Lancet titled 'Interferons as Mediators of Psychiatric Morbidity'. This was a controlled trial of 43 hepatitis B patients, in which 29 patients were given INFα three times weekly for up to six months. Most of the patients on INFα reported fatigue, loss of interest, lack of concentration, anxiety and depression. Control patients not given INFα did not report these symptoms. An amazing 63% of the volunteers on interferon became psychiatric patients!"
"Human volunteers given TNF intravenously develop many neuropsychiatric symptoms. Fatigue, anorexia, headache, muscle ache and malaise were the most common symptoms reported13,14,15 Essentially TNF makes a person feel lousy, just like someone with major depression feels."
"IL1 is primarily secreted by monocytes and macrophages. The effects of IL1 on behavior has only been studied in laboratory animals. Laboratory animals exhibit "sickness behavior" when given IL1. Sickness behavior includes symptoms like anorexia, reduced activity, loss of interest in usual activities, malaise, increased sleep, lack of body-care activities, reduced social exploration and less food-motivated behavior.20 These behaviors are considered an adaptive response to infection and they are very similar to the behaviors found in human depression"
"Recently, monkeys were given IL1 in a quiet setting followed later by an experimenter entering the room and having direct eye contact with the monkey.21 During the quiet setting, without the experimenter in the room, the monkeys showed typical sickness behavior, that is, less activity, less exploration, fewer vocalizations and more sleep. Then the experimenter entered the room and made direct eye contact with the monkeys. This is considered a socially stressful situation for the monkeys. Very interestingly, the monkeys given IL1 exhibited more agitation, more threatening behavior and more anxiety when the experimenter made eye contact than the animals not given IL1. Therefore, under non-stressful social conditions, IL1 produces sickness behavior. But under stressful social conditions, IL1 produces anxious, irritable and hostile behavior. This is very significant, because anxious, irritible and hostile behavior is very common in depressed persons. In fact, irritability is a DSM-IV symptom of depression."
"Low doses of IL-2 produce symptoms of depression. Severe lethargy, impaired memory, slowed responses, impaired attention, anorexia, lack of interest and irritability are found with most volunteers after receiving low doses of IL2. High doses of IL2 provoke very severe symptoms of schizophrenia, including hallucinations, delusions, disorientation in time, place or person.22 These observations have prompted the development of a macrophage-lymphocyte model of schizophrenia.23,24,25"
"INFγ given to humans usually provokes fatigue, malaise, headache, lack of appetite, weight loss, weakness, lethargy and decreased concentration.26,27 All of these are common symptoms of depression."
http://www.cytokines-and-depression.com/chapter7.htmlDid you realise that most, if not all, antidepressants have anti-inflammatory action?
poster:Trotter
thread:1033371
URL: http://www.dr-bob.org/babble/20121217/msgs/1033423.html